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September
2016
- Volume 10, Issue 3
The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on the Fatigue Level among
Adult Cancer Patients Post Bone Marrow Transplant (Evidence
Base Paper)
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Mohammad
K. Alsheikh
Correspondence:
Mohammad K.
Alsheikh
MSN,RN
Riyadh; Saudi Arabia
Riyadh Care Hospital
Phone: 00966582737936
Email: msheikh89@outlook.com
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Abstract
Purpose: The purposes of this evidence base paper
are to find the best evidence related to using aerobic
exercise to manage post bone marrow transplant fatigue,
also to answer the PICO question which has been addressed
in this study.
Methods: An electronic literature search has
been conducted using data bases like CINAHL, Pubmed,
and Ovid nursing to find the relevant articles according
to specific inclusion criteria; the search process yielded
finally twelve articles.
Results: This paper found moderate to strong
evidence for using aerobic exercise to manage post bone
marrow transplant fatigue.
Implications and recommendations: Aerobic exercise can
be carried out safely, and directly post bone marrow
transplant; also adhering to a specific programmed aerobic
exercise with the treatment plan will decrease the fatigue
level post transplant.
Key words: Bone marrow transplant, fatigue, exercise.
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1. Introduction
and Background
Fatigue is a multidimensional concept with several
modes of expression: physical, emotional and cognitive. Fatigue
is associated with the inactivity presentation or lack of
motivation (Smets, Garssen, Schuster & Haes, 1993). Fatigue
is an exceedingly common often treatable problem in cancer
patients that profoundly affects all aspects of quality of
life. Patients report fatigue as one of the most important
and distressing symptoms related to cancer, also it's one
of the most common side effects of chemotherapy (Campos, Hassan,
Riechelmann & Giglio, 2011). Insufficient coping with
the experience of cancer, fear of disease recurrence, dysfunctional
cognition concerning fatigue, dysregulation of sleep and dysregulation
of activity are all factors that play a role in fatigue severity.
(Gielissen et al., 2007).
Impairment of physical performance and fatigue are common
and sometimes serious side effects of cancer treatment. It
has been estimated that the problem affects up to 70% of cancer
patients during chemotherapy or radiotherapy. One frequently
underestimated factor contributing to loss of physical performance
in cancer patients is the lack of muscular activity during
in-hospital treatment (Lange, Mertelsmann & Keul, 2007).
Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) can be an extraordinary, life-saving
treatment. It has now become the standard treatment for a
number of neoplastic and immunological disorders. Post BMT
fatigue is common among patients and it has an effect on their
quality of life (Appelbaum, 2007). 35% of the BMT patients
experienced severe fatigue. The percentage of patients with
severe fatigue remained stable during the years after transplantation.
Several psychosocial factors, but not medical factors, were
associated with fatigue, also with no decrease in fatigue
complaints during the first years after Stem Cell Transplant
(Gielissen et al., 2007).
The purposes of this evidence base paper are to find the effect
of exercise especially aerobic exercise on the fatigue level
among adult cancer patients post bone marrow transplant, and
to answer the PICO question which represent the following:
Population and problem (P): fatigue post bone marrow transplant.
Intervention (I): Aerobic exercise.
Comparison (C): Patient daily activities/ other types
of exercise with aerobic exercise intervention.
Outcome (O): Management of fatigue level among post
bone marrow transplant patients
2. Methods
An extensive electronic search was conducted to look for articles
related to post BMT fatigue management by programmed exercise
especially aerobic exercise using data bases and journals.
The data bases used were: CINAHL, COCHRANE, Nursing Ovid,
and Pubmed. The key words used to find the articles were:
exercise, high dose chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell
transplant, fatigue post BMT, and fatigue induced by chemotherapy,
and their alternatives, also a combination of some of these
words has been used to find more relevant articles.
The search process yielded many articles but not all of them
relevant to the phenomenon of interest, so the articles were
reduced to twelve articles after exclusion of duplicated studies,
reviewing the titles of some of them, the abstract of others,
and the full text for others.
Articles were considered relevant if:
1- They contained information about cancer related fatigue,
exercise among cancer patients, exercise for BMT patients,
BMT complications, post BMT fatigue, high dose chemotherapy
complications management, and the usage of aerobic exercise.
2- Were written in English language.
3- Were quantitative research classified between level I to
IV according to a specific leveling system (see appendix).
4- Any type of transplant (Allogenic, Autologous) for malignant
disorder.
5-Adult age group (more than 18 years to 65 years).
Although the time frame for the relevant articles should be
as the maximum five years, but some articles were used before
2009 to reach the term of data saturation, as there were little
current studies related to the topic and that met the inclusion
criteria.
2.1 Study Characteristics
After applying the inclusion criteria on retrieved studies,
twelve articles were included in this review. The sample size
of these studies ranged from 10 to 293. The studies' classification
depended on its design strength as levels according to the
leveling system as shown at table (1) in the appendix. The
time frame of retrieved articles was between 1997 to 2013.
The studies were of mixed types of transplant except one contained
only Allogeneic HSCT (Mello, Tanaka & Dully, 2003), also
all the studies participants were adult cancer patients. Most
of the articles contained different types of exercise like
aerobic, strength, and endurance exercise, also some of them
were supervised, and others were home based exercises. Table
2 shows more details about the reviewed articles.
3. Findings and Discussion
The retrieved findings classified according to the leveling
system are shown in table (1) in the appendix as the following:
3.1. Findings From Level I:
All meta- analysis, and systematic literature review is considered
as level one; the research process yielded 2 meta analysis
and systematic reviews and the evidence was: The newly updated
Cochrane Review includes 56 studies, involving a total of
4068 people undergoing cancer treatment. The findings indicate
that those with solid tumors benefited from aerobic exercise,
such as walking or cycling, both during and after cancer treatment.
Other forms of exercise, however, including resistance training,
did not significantly reduce fatigue. The evidence suggests
that exercise may help reduce cancer-related fatigue and should
therefore be considered as one component of a strategy for
managing fatigue that may include a range of other interventions
and education. Also the review suggested further research
is needed to understand how the frequency and duration of
exercise, as well as the type of cancer, affects the results,
as twenty-eight of the studies were carried out in breast
cancer patients (Cramp & Byron, 2012).
Another meta analysis conducted by Brown and his colleagues
in 2011 the purpose of which was to evaluate the effect of
types of exercise in cancer related fatigue indicated that
the resistance exercise interventions of moderate intensity
were more effective than low intensity or aerobic exercise.
Author comments: From the previous findings aerobic exercise
can be used as a way to decrease cancer and its related treatment
fatigue, and it is considered strong evidence to use exercise
in general to decrease fatigue level, but the other systematic
analysis contradicts the first review and provides other evidence
to use other types of exercise which is resistance exercise
to decrease fatigue level. But this review has some limitations
like the included studies had small sample size, and its results
can't be generalized.
3.2. Level II Evidence Findings:
A well designed randomized experimental studies included in
the level II evidence according to evidence levels, was the
first randomized experimental study conducted in 2011 that
demonstrates that there is a potential positive effect of
strength training on physical activity, fatigue, and quality
of life in people receiving high-dose chemotherapy and HSCT
compared with usual activity (Hacker et al., 2011).
The aim of another randomized clinical trial done in 2011
by Villanueva and his colleague was to evaluate the effectiveness
of an 8 week multimodal physical therapy program on cancer
related fatigue, and the final finding was that the 8 week
multimodal exercise has an effect in decreasing cancer related
fatigue.
Another randomized experimental trial's purpose was to evaluate
the effects of a 12-week outpatient physical exercise program,
incorporating aerobic and strength exercises, as compared
with a usual care control condition on patients' physical
performance and psychosocial well-being, and its final result
indicated that the programmed exercise should be considered
in the management of HSCT recipients to improve physical performance
after discharge from the hospital (Knols et al, 2011). Also
the purpose of another one conducted by Jarden and his colleagues
in 2009 was to investigate the effect of a 4- to 6-week multimodal
program of exercise, relaxation and psycho-education on physical
capacity, functional performance and quality of life (QOL)
in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation adult recipients,
and its final result give evidence of assignment of a multimodal
intervention during Allo-HSC T did not cause untoward events,
sustained aerobic capacity and muscle strength and reduced
loss of functional performance during hospitalization. Also
the exercise programs can be carried out safely after HST,
as the study investigated the effect of more than one type
of exercise such as aerobic exercise 15-30 minutes of cycling
five times a week, resistance exercise 15-20 minutes 3 times
a week, and dynamic stretch exercise five times a week. 15-20
min. exercises included neck movements, shoulder rotations,
hip flexion/extension, standing calf raise, ankle dorsiflexion
and plantar flexion and progressive relaxation twice a week,
for 20 minutes.
Baumann and his colleauges conducted a randomized controlled
trial in 2010 and its purpose was to evaluate the different
effects of specific, moderate physical activities on the physical
and psychological condition of HSCT patients, and its final
result indicated there was a significant difference in the
intervention group in regard of strength, endurance, lung
function and quality of life. This article providing a technique
and duration of aerobic exercise to be carried out by patient
pre, during, and post HSCT, as the following: Aerobic exercise:
During aplasia twice a day and during chemotherapy and after
engraftment once a day 10-20 min cycling at a bicycle ergometer,
80% of the achieved watt load during the modified WHO-test
for fatigue.
In 2006 a randomized controlled trial done by Carlson and
his colleges, and consist of 12 participants indicated very
large improvements in fatigue level over the course of an
individualized aerobic exercise program in post-HSCT patients
who were suffering from high levels of fatigue for which no
morphological, biochemical, hormonal or psychological correlate
could be identified.
A final level II evidence trial was conducted in 1997 by Diemo
and his colleagues and the title of their study was "Effects
of Aerobic Exercise on the Physical Performance and Incidence
of Treatment-Related Complications After High-Dose Chemotherapy",
and the result indicated the fatigue level among patients
post high dose of chemotherapy decreased significantly after
an aerobic exercise program, even though the study was conducted
in 1997 its result provided a significant improvement in fatigue
level, also the safety of aerobic exercise program among patients.
3.3 Level III Evidence:
Evidence obtained from well designed non-randomized controlled
trials OR from well designed cohort or case-control analytical
studies, preferably multicenter or conducted at different
times. There was no study found according to this level of
criteria.
3.4. Level IV Evidence:
The retrieved evidence included two descriptive studies and
one prospective study, and the results were as following :
In 2012 Tonosaki conducted a descriptive study the purpose
of which was to analyze the effects of leg muscle strength
and fatigue on step-count as a measure of physical activity
for people staying at home after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
(HSCT) and the results indicated the effect of HST on physical
activity as Mean step-count at home was most strongly affected
by ankle plantar flexion strength/kg, and increasing ankle
plantar flexion strength/kg was shown to promote recovery
of normal physical activities. Another descriptive study showed
the importance of exercise to reduce cancer related fatigue,
but the specific exercise type wasn't mentioned, and physiotherapists'
management of cancer related fatigue includes recommending
and using exercise and teaching energy conservation techniques.
Another recommendation can be concluded from this study when
comparing the strength exercise with the aerobic exercise;
the aerobic exercise is easier than strength exercise. That
means the aerobic exercise should be feasible more than strength,
and we can conclude that the aerobic exercise program is feasible
among patients post HSCT (Donnelly et al, 2009). Also another
literature review emphasised these recommendations by suggestion
as there is significant benefits from the exercise interventions
reported for physical performance, quality of life and fatigue
status of the patient, like faster recurrence of immune cells
or reduced severity of therapy-related side effects can be
estimated. Also ithas been proposed that exercise be used
as a non-pharmacologic adjuvant therapy to combat the physiological
and psychological symptoms of HCST (Wiskemann & Huber,
2008).
The last evidence was a prospective study conducted in 2011
by Hackers and his colleagues that indicated the strength-training
intervention refined from an unsupervised, home-based program
to a combination supervised and unsupervised program with
weekly clinic visits, were very acceptable, although some
started out at a very low intensity.
Summary and Conclusion
The previous evidence of the literature review aimed to find
the effect of exercise in general and aerobic exercise, especially
on the fatigue induced by cancer treatment among adult cancer
patients post bone marrow transplant.
The analyzed literature provided a moderate to strong evidence
of using aerobic exercise to decrease the post bone marrow
transplant fatigue, and also recommended to adhere to aerobic
exercise such as walking, or bicycling as part of the treatment
plan.
The previous findings are compatible with the recent guidelines
for exercise prescription for cancer survivors from the American
College of Sports Medicine (2010) which report no contraindication
for starting an exercise program in patients undergoing either
autologous or allogeneic HSCT however, issues regarding the
ideal time for starting a program safely and effectively,
type of program, frequency, intensity and duration is not
confirmed, especially in relation to the HSCT treatment trajectory.
Also it is proved that aerobic exercise for adults post HSCT
can be practiced safely and it has a lot of benefits like
improvement of physical fitness, muscular strength, flexibility,
bone health, sleep, depression, anxiety, and quality of life.
The specific period of training was 75 minutes weekly for
vigorous exercise, and 150 minutes for moderate intensity
aerobic exercise.
Finally many types of exercise can be practiced by cancer
patients like aerobic, strength, and endurance exercise, but
most of the literature regarded using aerobic exercise to
reduce cancer related fatigue especially among bone marrow
transplant patients.
Still there is debate on the specific details about aerobic
exercise like duration and weekly frequency, but the conclusion
about this debate may be as the current recommendation as
the patients should be exercised three to five times weekly
with moderate aerobic exercise intensity, the type of aerobic
exercise may be walking on a treadmill, or ergo-motor bicycling.
Also another recommendation is to adherence to aerobic exercise
with treatment conditioning is an advantage to control fatigue
post HSCT. Aerobic exercise can be carried out safely, and
immediate post bone marrow transplant, 3-5 times weekly, such
as walking or bicycling on an ergometer
bicycle.
Appendices
Table 1: Levels of Evidence Ratings
Level
1 |
Evidence obtained
from systematic review of relevant randomized controlled
trials (with meta-analysis where possible). |
Level
2 |
Evidence obtained
from one or more well designed randomized controlled trials. |
Level
3 |
Evidence obtained
from well designed non-randomized controlled trials OR
from well designed cohort or case-control analytical studies,
preferably multicenter or conducted at different times. |
Level
4 |
The opinions of
respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive
studies or reports of expert committees. |
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